By the 1840s Joseph Haydn, who died in 1809 as the most celebrated composer of his generation, had degenerated into the bewigged "Papa Haydn," a shallow placeho...
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"The political union between England and Gascony or Aquitaine lasted from the early thirteenth century until 1453, and the long series of Gascon Rolls in the Na...
"In 1277 the recently crowned king of England, Edward I, invaded Wales; his army, large for the time, was none the less modest by his later standards. Most of h...
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In the medieval world, what happened when a figure of recognised authority was absent? What terminology, principles and solutions of proxy authority were develo...